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Treaty of Paris of 1815,〔Also known as the Second Treaty of Paris〕 was signed on 20 November 1815 following the defeat and second abdication of Napoleon Bonaparte. In February, Napoleon had escaped from his exile on Elba; he entered Paris on 20 March, beginning the Hundred Days of his restored rule. Four days after France's defeat in the Battle of Waterloo, Napoleon was persuaded to abdicate again, on 22 June. King Louis XVIII, who had fled the country when Napoleon arrived in Paris, took the throne for a second time on 8 July. The 1815 treaty had stronger punitive terms than the treaty of the previous year. France was ordered to pay 700 million francs in indemnities, and the country's borders were reduced to their 1790 level. France was to pay additional money to cover the cost of providing additional defensive fortifications to be built by neighbouring Coalition countries.Under the terms of the treaty parts of France were to be occupied by up to 150,000 soldiers for five years, with France footing the bill—however the Coalition occupation, under the command Duke of Wellington was only deemed necessary for three years and the foreign troops pulled out in 1818. In addition to the definitive peace treaty between France and Great Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia, there were four additional conventions and the act confirming the neutrality of Switzerland signed on the same day. These were listed by the British Foreign office as:〔.〕 ==Definitive Treaty== The 1815 peace treaties were drawn up entirely in French, the ''lingua franca'' of contemporary diplomacy. There were four treaties, between France and each of the four major Seventh Coalition powers: Austria, Great Britain, Prussia and Russia. All four treaties were signed on the same day (20 November 1815), had verbatim stipulations, and were styled the same way (for example the "Definitive Treaty between Great Britain and France").〔 The treaty was harsher towards France than the Treaty of 1814, which had been negotiated through the manoeuvre of Talleyrand, because of reservations raised by the recent widespread support for Napoleon in France. France lost the territorial gains of the Revolutionary armies in 1790–92, which the previous treaty had allowed France to keep; the nation was reduced to its 1790 boundaries (plus the enclaves of the Comtat Venaissin and the County of Montbéliard, which France was allowed to keep).〔Michael G. Fry, Erik Goldstein and Richard Langhorne, ''Guide to International Relations and Diplomacy'', "The Congress and Concert of Europe, 1814–1830" p, 118.〕 France was now also ordered to pay 700 million francs in indemnities, in five yearly instalments,〔Article 9; the 1814 treaty had required only that France honour public and private debts incurred by the Napoleonic regime; see André Nicolle, "The Problem of Reparations after the Hundred Days" ''The Journal of Modern History'' 25.4 (December 1953:343–354)〕 and to maintain at its own expense a Coalition army of occupation of 150,000 soldiers〔Articles 4 and 5.〕 in the eastern border territories of France, from the English Channel to the border with Switzerland, for a maximum of five years.〔The army of occupation and the Duke of Wellington's moderating transformation from soldier to statesman are discussed in Thomas Dwight Veve, ''The Duke of Wellington and the British Army of Occupation in France, 1815–1818'' (Westport CT:Greenwood Press) 1992.〕 The twofold purpose of the military occupation was rendered self-evident by the convention annexed to the treaty outlining the incremental terms by which France would issue negotiable bonds covering the indemnity: in addition to safeguarding the neighboring states from a revival of revolution in France, it guaranteed fulfilment of the treaty's financial clauses.〔A point made by Nicolle 1953:344.〕 Although some of the Allies, notably Prussia, initially demanded that France cede significant territory in the East, rivalry among the powers and the general desire to secure the Bourbon restoration made the peace settlement less onerous than it might have been. The treaty was signed for Great Britain by Lord Castlereagh and the Duke of Wellington and by the duc de Richelieu for France; parallel treaties with France were signed by Austria, Russia, and Prussia, forming in effect the first confederation of Europe. The Quadruple Alliance was reinstated in a separate treaty also signed 20 November 1815, introducing a new concept in European diplomacy, the peacetime congress "for the maintenance of peace in Europe"〔''British and Foreign State Papers'', p.281〕 on the pattern of the Congress of Vienna, which had concluded 9 June 1815. The treaty is brief. In addition to having "preserved France and Europe from the convulsions with which they were menaced by the late enterprise of Napoleon Bonaparte,"〔 the signers of the Treaty also repudiated "the revolutionary system reproduced in France."〔 The treaty is presented "in the desire to consolidate, by maintaining inviolate the Royal authority, and by restoring the operation of the Constitutional Charter, the order of things which had been happily re-established in France." The Constitutional Charter that is referred to so hopefully, was the Constitution of 1791, promulgated under the ''Ancien régime'' at the outset of the Revolution. Its provisions for the government of France would rapidly fall by the wayside, "notwithstanding the paternal intentions of her King" as the treaty remarks. The first Treaty of Paris, of 30 May 1814, and the Final Act of the Congress of Vienna, of 9 June 1815, were confirmed. On the same day, in a separate document, Great Britain, Russia, Austria, and Prussia renewed the Quadruple Alliance. The princes and free towns, who were not signatories, were invited to accede to its terms,〔Act of the Congress of Vienna, Article 119.〕 whereby the treaty became a part of the public law by which Europe, with the exclusion of Ottoman Turkey,〔Turkey had been excluded from the Congress of Vienna by the express wish of Russia (K. Strupp, ''et al.'', ''Wörterbuch des Völkerrechts'', (Berlin, 1960-62) ''s.v.'' "Wiener Kongress").〕 established "relations from which a system of real and permanent balance of power in Europe is to be derived."〔The wording is from the 20 May 1814 treaty, quoted in Hugh McKinnon Wood, "The Treaty of Paris and Turkey's Status in International Law" ''The American Journal of International Law'' 37.2 (April 1943:262–274) p 263 and note 6; Wood's main subject is the Treaty of Paris (1856), terminating the Crimean War.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Treaty of Paris (1815)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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